What is the difference between usability testing and formative evaluation?

• A. Usability testing is a theoretical evaluation with simulated users.
• B. Formative evaluation is a post-launch validation activity.
• C. Usability testing and formative evaluation are the same.
• D. Usability testing involves real users; formative evaluation is ongoing throughout development to guide design.

Answer: (D)

Usability testing is about watching real users try to complete tasks with the product to uncover where the interface gets in their way. Formative evaluation is a broader, ongoing process during development that uses feedback from various methods to shape and improve the design before release. The strongest choice captures both ideas: usability testing uses real users, and formative evaluation is an ongoing, guidance-focused activity throughout development. This clarifies why the other statements don’t fit: usability testing isn’t a theoretical exercise with simulated users, formative evaluation isn’t limited to post-launch validation, and they aren’t the same thing—formative evaluation encompasses more than just usability testing.